The Northern Freemason /masons The Brotherhood of a Fraternity Thu, 08 Sep 2016 01:15:24 +0000 en-US hourly 1 THE STRUCTURE OF FREEMASONRY /masons/2016/09/07/the-structure-of-freemasonry/ Thu, 08 Sep 2016 01:00:20 +0000 /masons/?p=9180 This page contains Masonic information – not available to the public.
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We in North America have absolutely no concept of what it means to be a Freemason in the rest of the world. /masons/2016/09/07/we-in-north-america-have-absolutely-no-concept-of-what-it-means-to-be-a-freemason-in-the-rest-of-the-world/ /masons/2016/09/07/we-in-north-america-have-absolutely-no-concept-of-what-it-means-to-be-a-freemason-in-the-rest-of-the-world/#comments Wed, 07 Sep 2016 21:20:58 +0000 http://mysterylodge174.esouris.com/masons/?p=4968 Continue reading ]]>
R.W. Brother Thomas W. Jackson
143rd Annual Communication  of the Grand Lodge AF&AM of Montana
June 27, 2009          Glasgow, Montana
GRAND  LODGE   OF  MONTANA

Most Worshipful Grand Master, Grand Lodge Officers, visiting distinguished guests my brothers.

The Grand Master asked me if I would be willing to attend this Grand Lodge Communication and speak to you concerning my views and observations on Freemasonry and it is a great privilege to do so. I do want to clarify before I begin, however, of my perceived position and purpose in our craft.

I have been introduced over the years in a number of categories including; as a Masonic scholar, author, orator and historian. I was even introduced to the President of Portugal as a noted Masonic philosopher. I thought about this introduction for a long time wondering why anyone would refer to me as a philosopher. Then I began to comprehend that a philosopher was one who had developed opinions and I certainly have been known over the years for my opinions. So perhaps, I am as close to being a Masonic philosopher as any of the other categories.

On one occasion when visiting a New Jersey Lodge to speak, a brother greeted me by stating that he realized that I was controversial but that I was welcome in New Jersey and my brothers, I have no problem with being controversial. I realize that I have probably been one of the most outspoken critics of North American Freemasonry for over 25 years relative to the direction it is going and the methods used to alter the course.

A few of you here know that I live on a small farm in south-central Pennsylvania with a stream bordering the farm a friend of mine across the stream raises prime Holstein cows. He kept several bulls on his farm to service the cows, a big bull, a medium-size bull, and a little bull. Those who understand the pecking order of animals recognize that the big bull got most of the cows, the medium-sized bull had a few and the little bull had just one.

Glenn decided one-time that to improve the milk production of the herd, he would bring in a Grand Champion bull. For those who may not understand, the bull has a major influence on the milk producing capacity of the resulting cows through breeding. When word got around the barnyard that Glenn was bringing in a Grand Champion bull, the three bulls got together to discuss it. The big bull said, there probably go some of my cows, the medium-size bull said, well there goes most of mine and the little bull said I sure hope he lets me keep my one.

When the day came for the Grand Champion bull to be delivered, the three bulls were standing up on a hill overlooking the barnyard when the cattle truck backed in, the ramp came down and this massive big bull came walking down off that truck. The big bull said, my God, there goes all my cows. The medium-size bull said there sure goes all of mine and with that little bull started to snort and slobber and paw the ground. The other two bulls looked at him and asked, have you gone out of your mind what do you think you’re doing challenging that great big bull? The little bull said, challenge him, challenge him hell, I’m just making sure he knows I’m not a cow.

I use that little story as an analogy to cause you to realize that I am not the cow either. It is significant to know what one is not and I have never looked at myself as fitting into anyone of these categories by which I have been introduced.

One of the primary reasons that Freemasonry became as great as it did, is because it attracted some of the greatest minds that ever lived. Consider for a moment how many great men comprised early Freemasonry and as a result stimulated other great men to want to become part of it. Consider men like Washington, Franklin, Revere, Voltaire, Amadeus Mozart, Sir Christopher Wren, Simone Bolivar, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Joseph Priestley and we could go on listing literally hundreds of others who have contributed to making this world as it is today. They also, however, contributed to making Freemasonry what it is today in most of the world.

Realistically, however, I realize that I am, have always been and will always be just a little country boy who developed a great appreciation for this craft. I realize that no matter how important I may ever think I am, I will never serve as an example to stimulate great men to want to become a Freemason. I perceive my purpose in the craft as being; to do all that I can do to preserve it until great minds come along again to inspire it.

Chief Rename Abash wrote in his book, Light after Darkness, “Even if my thoughts and ideas may be controversial or, in certain respects, open to question, I shall have succeeded in my attempt if these ideas have generated further thoughts on the main substance of Freemasonry in the search for universal trail and so mote it be with me”.

Let is always my goal when I speak to challenge you to think, for if I fail to do that, I waste both your time and mine. So today, it is my goal to cause you to think, to hopefully stimulate you to learn a little bit more about this noble institution and to cause you to, as the Grand Master expects, introspectively examine what each of you can do to benefit Freemasonry.

I have been extremely fortunate over the last 20 years or so to be able to travel the world as a Freemason and to experience Freemasonry as it operates outside of North America. In these travels I have been able to observe Freemasonry in many foreign countries and compare it to the Freemasonry of North America. I have been able to see where it works well, where it continues to increase its membership, where it continues to attract some of the greatest men in their jurisdictions, indeed where it remains an organization whose members are the movers and shakers of their societies.

I have experienced new Grand Lodges being consecrated and extinct or Suppressed ones being re-consecrated following the faun of dictatorial regimes. I have watched Freemasonry rising on the continent of Africa and its members occupying some of their countries dominant positions. In fact, two of the presidents of African countries are also the Grand Masters of their Grand Lodges.

At the same time I have watched the struggles of these new Grand Lodge officers in trying to cope with the challenges of operating an organization that promotes the freedom and equality of men in environments where freedom and equality was unknown for decades and where individual struggle to achieve success was, at best, a muted phenomenon.

I have become familiar with the requirements of foreign Grand Jurisdictions for a man to gain membership and to remain a member of our craft, both of which are far more stringent than anything we know in North America. I have become more consciously aware of the universality in Masonic philosophy and precept that dominates Freemasonry globally while at the same time observing definitive differences in the operating philosophies in different sociological environments.

I will emphasize some of the observations that I have made in various areas of the world regarding the evolution of Freemasonry and the resulting differences that characterizes the craft in those areas along with my opinions as to why Freemasonry is declining in North America while it is thriving in many other parts of the world. I will also relate to you some of my personal experiences demonstrating the significance of the fraternity in other parts of the world.

None of us can be unaware of the decreasing interest in our craft and decline in influence that North American Freemasonry has experienced over the last 50 years and especially over the last 25. One of the first Lodge addresses that I gave over 35 years ago dealt with my observations of the decrease in the quantity of our membership. North American membership has gone from over 4 million to approximately 1 1/2 million. It does not take much thought to recognize that Freemasonry’s future in North America is bleak if we continue with this loss of membership, at least Freemasonry as it is historically known.

I have however, in more recent years been far more concerned with the decreasing quality of the membership than in the quantity of the membership. The decrease in the quality is a major contributing factor in the decrease in quantity today. Every person likes to be affiliated with a quality organization. If quantity is lost, quantity can be regained, but if quality is lost, it may be lost forever. Freemasonry in North America has been losing its attractive force for quality professional men over the last 25 to 30 years. This is not the case in almost every foreign Masonic jurisdiction. One of the most impressive observations that I have made in my travels is in the quality of the brothers that I meet throughout the world.

In my studies of the craft I have found that the philosophical purpose of Freemasonry is universal and unalterable but the operational philosophies are dependent upon the environment in which it exists. Freemasonry has been driven to evolve into a form that fits most comfortably into the environment in which it must operate. The only exception that I have found of the society driving the Freemasonry is in early Russia, where instead of the society driving Freemasonry, Freemasonry drove the society. This was prior to Catherine the Great closing down the craft.

For the last 15 years I have been attempting to classify the variations in these characteristics and place Freemasonry into what I refer to as styles. As a result I have to the present time found four specific styles and probably five.

European Freemasonry has retained much of the basic philosophy and intellectualism that characterized early Freemasonry. There is a continued emphasis on the acquisition of knowledge and programs to stimulate thought. European Freemasonry has not been forced to diverge from its roots by societal pressures that have been found in some other areas of the world. I put European Freemasonry into what I refer to as a “philosophical style”.

I have for a long time placed English, Scottish and Irish Freemasonry in the same philosophical style although recently I am tending to place that Freemasonry into what I refer to as a “social style”. Although similar to the philosophical and intellectual characteristics of European Freemasonry it also includes the retention of more of the social relationships that tended to characterize the early Freemasonry of the British Isles.

South and Central America although also retaining much of the philosophical and intellectual style of Europe has evolved into a more unique style stimulated by the sociological pressures of the environment. I find it to be more idealistic and perhaps even more intellectually challenging than the philosophical style. It also tends to establish goals that are more difficult to attain. I refer to this style of Freemasonry as a “sociological style” because of its character being impacted more stringently by the sociology of the environment.

Mexican Freemasonry although existing in an environment not totally dissimilar than that of South and Central America, has a tendency to become more directly involved with the political climate in which it exists. For this reason I have placed it into a style all its own which I refer to, for lack of a better term, as a “political style” of Freemasonry.

There is no doubt that Freemasonry will continue to evolve and although I have traveled for Freemasonry in the Far East and Africa, I have yet to differentiate any specific style. It would be interesting however to look back 50 years from now and observe their style of the craft and its impact on the development of their societies.

North American Freemasonry, excluding Mexico and perhaps Canada, has developed a style unlike that of any other. It is a style that evolved into being to the greatest extent over the last 25 years. In that span of time we have surrendered most of its intellectual and philosophical qualities, eliminating the stimulus to learn and excised the requirements to do so. We have directed most of our energies toward becoming an organization dedicated to raising monies for outside charities. Hence I refer to North American Freemasonry as a “charitable style” of the craft.

Tragically, the result has been an erosion of our image in society and ironically we evolved into this approach in an attempt to buy back the respect and admiration along with that image we were losing. As a result we have surrendered the qualities of Freemasonry that made it such a unique entity. There are hundreds of organizations dedicated to specific charitable objectives but there are precious few that were dedicated to improving the man and this constituted much of the uniqueness of Freemasonry. Our uniqueness is what made the craft into what it is; probably the most outstanding and significant organization ever created by the mind of man and in turn, Freemasonry made this world what it is today. It made it by taking the best men it could find and improving the man. By so doing, it changed the direction of civil society. Freemasonry was one of the primary enclaves that provided the environment during the age of the Enlightenment that attracted great minds and laid the framework for a democratic society. The United States of America is one of the results.

The more I study this craft the more impressed I become with how much its presence meant in the development of civilization and now I look with great sadness to the loss of both quantity and quality in North American Freemasonry.

I look at the results of our early leadership with their magnanimous long-range vision that produced what we have inherited and then observe not only the lack of that vision today but even of the understanding of our significance in the world. The vast majority of our Grand Lodges have not produced a major program over the last 25 years other than programs designed to increase numbers or raise monies to give away to charities, both of which have been detrimental to us and my friends that is not the purpose of Freemasonry. I emphasized to the Grand Lodge of Russia several years ago while speaking in Moscow, that we did not make this world by rolling over it with vast numbers. We made this world by making good men better, one man at a time.

a matter of priorityUnfortunately for Freemasonry we live in a country that is the great equalizer. In the name of political correctness today, we have developed an attitude that everyone deserves the same as everyone else regardless of ability, desire, initiative or work ethic. As a result, the stimulus for one to rise above the level of mediocrity has been diminished in our society and Freemasonry has bought into it. We refuse to raise initiation fees and dues because we feel that the average American could not afford it, the same average American who would spend at least an equal amount on something to smoke or drink or on entertainment and not give it a second thought. It is not a matter of cost; it is a matter of priority.

the average American could not afford itWe in North America have absolutely no concept of what it means to be a Freemason in the rest of the world. The financial cost to affiliate with this organization in most of the world is in the thousands of dollars and the time requirement to become a Master Mason is measured in years, not in months let alone in days. While we in North America are lessening our requirements to be Freemasons, much of the world is increasing theirs or at least not decreasing them.

I was in Brazil about 10 years ago and I asked what the dues were in their Jurisdiction and they told me $50.00. When I expressed surprise that their annual dues were that cheap, they told me it was $50 a month not $50 a year and there are some jurisdictions where the dues will run as high as several thousand dollars a Year.

Several months ago I asked a Scottish Freemason what the cost was for initiation in his lodge and the annual dues. He told me that he paid 3000 pounds to join and the dues were 1000 pounds a year. Keep in mind the British pound at that time was almost double the value of our dollar.

I was speaking at a symposium in Argentina about eight years ago and following a Lodge meeting, we retired downstairs for the customary toasts then went to a restaurant for dinner. Following dinner the Grand Master spoke and the floor was open for discussion. Around three o’clock in the morning they family took me back to my hotel and after they dropped me off were walking across the street and I asked them where they were going now and they said they We’re stopping for a drink and to continue their discussion. The next day I asked the Grand Treasurer how late their meetings normally ran and he told me that sometimes they don’t get home until it’s time to go to work the next morning. Can you imagine how that would fly in our country?

I also found that after receiving of a petition the Lodge will conduct an investigation for a period of a year before bringing it up to ballot, and if approved the first degree is conferred. Prior to receiving the second degree the initiate will have, over the period of a year, presented at least three learned papers on Freemasonry and then be questioned on the floor. If he passes he may receive the second degree when the same process will take place prior to his receiving the third degree. In many parts of the world it takes a period of 1 1/2 to 3 or more years to receive the 3 degrees. Indeed, I was talking to a brother recently; I’m not sure which Grand Lodge and he told me that it took him nine years to complete his three degrees. At this stage, these brothers know more about the craft than most of our members will learn in a lifetime of Freemasonry in North America.

In addition, attendance at meetings in many jurisdictions is not an option, it is a requirement. A dozen years ago when I was attending the second World Conference in Portugal, a Portuguese brother told me that their Lodge met every week. Three of those meetings a month were for the purpose of Masonic education and one for the purpose of conferring ritual and conducting business. The average age of a Portuguese Freemason at that time was approximately 29 years. The Grand Lodge session was delayed for almost an hour so that they could expand the size of the room at the hotel to seat all the brothers attending.

When at the Grand Lodge of Iceland I learned that they had a six year Waiting list to get into a Lodge.

The National Grand Lodge of France rejects approximately 60% of the petitions received and their membership has increased an average of 10% a year for the past 12 years. The rate of rejection in almost every jurisdiction in the world far exceeds anything we know in North America and most of these Grand Lodges are increasing in membership while facing far greater challenges to their existence than we have ever known. Keep in mind, that tens of thousands of Freemasons have been put to death over the years simply because they were Freemasons and we have not even known restraint.

Unfortunately in North America and again in light of political correctness we have determined that elitism is a dirty word and yet when Freemasonry stated that their goal was to take good men and make them better we became elitist and my friends there is nothing wrong with elitism. Elitism played a major role in bringing together the great minds of the age of the Enlightenment. It was these men with great minds and capable of great thoughts that made it an influential segment of society. Remember my friends; fine porcelain cannot be made from bad clay.

There is no question but that quality will attract quality and if we wish to be a quality organization then we must have quality members to attract more quality members. I do not mean by this observation that there is no place in Freemasonry for the average man. Indeed, a second reason Freemasonry became as great as it has was that it was able to take men from all classes, occupations and social structures and place them in a Lodge room as equals.

The third major reason that caused Freemasonry to excel beyond all other organizations, however, was that it remained selective on the quality of the man that it would accept. My brothers, this is perhaps the major difference that I have found in other jurisdictions. We, in North America have become willing to accept almost anyone in a failing attempt to increase our numbers. As a result the public now sees a different image of Freemasonry and society will always judge on the worst, never on the best.

Yet, we must be realistic. It is doubtful that any of us would ever serve as a major attracting force for those like the great men that I cited earlier but we can serve as an example to stimulate quality men to want to become part of us. How many of you sitting here today were inspired to petition the craft because of men whom you knew who set an example to you and who were Freemasons? I was! We also must realistically recognize that our greatest hope for leadership will come from the professional environment. They are the men with the training to be leaders before becoming Freemasons.

We may argue all we want that these other foreign jurisdictions that I referred to have too stringent requirements in costs and demands for America but I guess it all boils down to what we want to be. Do we want to be an organization with the capability of impacting the ongoing evolution of our society and being highly respected and admired or do we want to be a dying organization of little note.

Let me take a few minutes and give you some examples of what I have experienced in my travels over the past 20 years. The first time I went to Greece I had a brother who drove me to wherever I wanted to go. He would not even let me open the car door, insisting that he open it for me. Just before I left Greece someone told me that he was regarded as the greatest surgeon in Greece and yet he was insisting to wait on me.

At the final banquet in Abidjan, Ivory Coast an older brother came up to me and told me that if I ever came back to that area of Africa, I never again stay in a hotel. He told me that he had a large home, his children were gone and he would be honored to have me stay with him and that his home was my home. When he walked away, a brother asked me if I knew who he was and I said no. He told me that he was the ambassador to the United Nations.

At the second World Conference in Sao Paulo, Brazil, a young man was assigned to look after me for nine days taking care of all my needs. He sat behind me at every meeting in case I needed anything. He drove me wherever I wanted to go and insisted on providing for my every want. I found out the day before I left Brazil that he was a pulmonary surgeon and professor of pulmonary medicine at the University of Sao Paulo.

I have been on a speaking agenda with the president of Chile and had lunch seated to his right at the presidential palace. I have been received at both the President’s and the Prime Minister’s palace in Portugal. I was invited to hunt with the Prime Minister of Romania. I participated in laying a wreath at the tomb of the Unknown Soldier under the Arc de Triumph in Paris along with the Presidents of Gabon and Congo. I have met with members of the royal families of Europe and had several dinners with the princess of Yugoslavia. I was made a chief of the village of Nigua-saff in the Ivory Coast. I had dinner at the home of the Commanding General of the Gabon military and attended a beach party at the retreat of the Minister of Defense. I participated in the dedication of a Masonic monument at Valparaiso, Chili where the monuments of the great Chilean heroes are erected. This would be tantamount to us dedicating a Masonic monument on the National Mall in Washington, DC. Can you imagine that happening in this country today?

These are just a few of the fascinating experiences that I have been privileged to participate in as a result of my affiliation with Freemasonry. It is extremely important, however, that you understand that none of this was for me; it was because of what I represented to Freemasonry and what Freemasonry represented in their country. And by the way, the President of Chile and the President and Prime Minister of Portugal are not Freemasons.

It would be extremely prudent for the leaders of the craft in America to take a serious look at those Grand Jurisdictions that are experiencing the greatest success and begin to consider the logic in trying to emulate their blueprint for succeeding instead of beating the same dead horse. We must stop playing the “numbers game” and trying to buy back respect through charitable contributions and begin to realize that by improving the quality of the craft we will improve the quantity of the craft and regain the respect. We as individual members must set a positive example as to what this craft means to society. We are the living examples of what Freemasonry is.

As a result of the recent publicity that we have received through Dan Brown’s books and a couple of movies and television programs, Freemasonry is being given an opportunity of resurrection of significance in today’s society. Young men are knocking at the door of Freemasonry seeking to pass through the portals of an organization dedicated to priorities of improving the man and challenging the mind. They are seeking something that society is not offering and now we must be willing and able to satisfy their quest. We may never again be given this opportunity. The question is; are we willing and are we able? The world deserves a positive answer as do our predecessors in the greatest organization ever conceived by the mind of man.

 

ATTENTION BRETHREN:

Received from Brother ROBERT FAY  –  “Laudable Pursuit: A 21st Century Response to Dwight Smith”.

This is a good read that adds to the above article and can be accessed by CLICKING HERE.

Thanks for you contribution Brother Robert!

 

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The Seven Liberal Arts Explained /masons/2016/08/06/the-seven-liberal-arts-explained/ /masons/2016/08/06/the-seven-liberal-arts-explained/#respond Sat, 06 Aug 2016 19:30:37 +0000 /masons/?p=6648 Continue reading ]]> The Seven Liberal Arts Explained

A BRIEF INVESTIGATION OF THE SEVEN LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES: Origins, Masonic Relevance and Applicability in Modern Life

The education and personal thrust to improve oneself in the Craft teachings never end.

Masonic teaching enthusiastically encourages its students to contemplate and learn from the seven Liberal Arts and Sciences1 that originated in. At some point in our Masonic careers most of us will ask ourselves why is it that we find these seven specific areas to be more relevant than other disciplines, say geography or chemistry, or other forms of artistic expression, such as dance instead of music? Would the study of music or astronomy make me a better Mason? How? Why seven arts, and not six or eight or twelve?

Why do these arts always seem to be presented in a specific order, and are they interdependent upon one another? Are they equally important?

Where do they come from?

Without the answers to these questions it is impossible to fully appreciate the importance and beauty of the Liberal Arts and Sciences in a Masonic context. To expand our Masonic knowledge as we are instructed and truly value these arts, we must make an effort to seek answers. And such is the significance of the Liberal Arts and Sciences for the progress of human knowledge over the last 20+ centuries that, once found, these answers could become a superior foundation for our understanding of the Craft and our own place in history.

This paper is the result of a preliminary investigation about the Liberal Arts and Sciences conducted by the Education Committee of Masonic lodge Doric 316 in Ontario, Canada. Although the answers communicated here are not all-encompassing and do not conclude this study, they should serve to unlock the first few doors for those who wish to further explore this path on their own.

Many years after, the good clerk Euclid
Taught the craft of geometry full wonder wide,
So he did that other time also,
Of divers crafts many more. Through
high grace of Christ in heaven,
He commenced in the sciences seven;
Grammar is the first science I know,
Dialect the second, so I have bliss,
Rhetoric the third without doubt,
Music the fourth, as I you say,
Astronomy is the fifth, by my snout,
Arithmetic the sixth, without doubt,
Geometry the seventh maketh an end,
For he is both meek and courteous,
Grammar forsooth is the root,
Whoever will learn on the book;
But art passeth in his degree,
As the fruit doth the root of the tree;
 
Rhetoric measureth with ornate speech among,
And music it is a sweet song;
Astronomy numbereth, my dear brother,
Arithmetic sheweth one thing that is another,
Geometry the seventh science is,
That can separate falsehood from truth, I know
These be sciences seven,
Who useth them well he may have heaven.

– Regius Manuscript poem, A.D. 1390

(British Museum / London)

 

What are the Seven Liberal Arts and Sciences?

The starting point in our search will be to review what these seven arts are and what they teach. The seven arts are composed of two families containing three and, respectively, four arts – this “3+4” structure is critical to understand how these arts complement each other. We will establish the reasons for this division shortly, but first let‟s review the seven classical arts and sciences.

The first family is composed of:

Grammar  – defines the rules used to construct phrases, sentences, words, and connects these elements to communicate ideas in a given language. An understanding of this first art is necessary for all others to be learned.

Rhetoric – is the art of using language as a means to persuade. Once a student learns how to read and write properly, s/he is now prepared to manipulate words and sentences to express complex ideas. Mastering Rhetoric is an intermediate step before delving into the more complex domain of Logic.

Dialectic/Logic  – is the reasoning which seeks to confront and contrast ideas, identify which is correct and which is not, remove ambiguity, and measure, compare, analyze, prove, and demonstrate facts with clarity. The word derives from the Greek logiké, feminine of logikos, “possessed of reason, intellectual, dialectical, argumentative”, and from logos, “word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle”. Grammar is the mechanics of a language; rhetoric is the use of language to instruct and persuade; logic is the “mechanics” of thinking clearly, of comparison and analysis. Sister Miriam Joseph, PhD (1898-1982), a member of the Sisters of the Holy Cross and an author specialized in medieval education, described them as:

Logic is the art of thinking; grammar, the art of inventing symbols and combining them to express thought; and rhetoric, the art of communicating thought from one mind to another, the adaptation of language to circumstance.

Now we can proceed to second family that is composed of these four arts:

Arithmetic  – (from the Greek word for “number”) is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics, used for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations.

Geometry – (Ancient Greek geo, “earth”, and metria, “measure”) is a part of mathematics concerned with questions of size, shape, and relative position of figures and with properties of space.

Harmony / Music  – (from the Greek mousike, “(art) of the Muses”) is an art form whose medium  is  sound  organized  in  time.  Music  theory  also  relies  considerably  on mathematics, number theory and the laws of arithmetic.

Astronomy  – (from the Greek words astron, “star”, and nomos, “law”) is the scientific study of celestial objects. Historically, astronomy has included disciplines as diverse as meteorology (study the weather), the motion of celestial objects, celestial navigation (in oceanic trade and exploration), the making of calendars and documenting historical facts, and even divining the future (astrology). In ancient thinking, it was considered to be the discipline of the motion of all objects through space and time. Astronomy/astrology was also critical to the study of philosophy and theology, as everything divine or spiritual came down from the heavens – without it what was left was considered as “earthly” and profane.

Why Three + Four Arts?

The  first  three  arts  (Grammar,  Rhetoric  and  Logic)  form  the  “three  ancient  arts  of discourse”, or Trivium (Latin for “Three Ways” or “Three Roads”). From ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, the Trivium was a fundamental path of education, used to train public speakers and writers to direct audiences to action with their arguments. Philosophers, lawyers, public servants, leaders, military officers and teachers relied on the mastery of the Trivium to perform their duties and influence people, the knowledge of discourse and persuasion coming originally from the schools of Aristotle, Plato and Socrates in ancient Greece3. As Napoleon Bonaparte said, “By our words we rule the world”.

Later in medieval times the study of logic, grammar and rhetoric was  considered a prerequisite for the Quadrivium (Latin for “Four Ways” or “Four Roads”), which was made up of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The Trivium was the beginning of the Liberal Arts, and at many medieval universities this would have been the principal undergraduate course. The Quadrivium would complete the student‟s formal education.

The Trivium does not address any specific subject, instead it teaches the student to read and write, debate, compare, analyze and make conclusions about subjects. The teaching of the Quadrivium assumes that the Trivium has been fully mastered – now the student is properly prepared to explore other sciences.

Considering the rise in complexity from basic grammar to measuring the motion of planets, it is natural to conclude that the learning process must follow:

Trivium

Or, “3 simple arts that enable you to master 4 complex sciences”, or still “3 arts to express, communicate and compare, which shall serve you as tools, plus 4 sciences that shall open the universe to be measured and understood”.

About  the  Quadrivium,  Proclus  Diadochus  said  in  In  primum  Euclidis  elementorum librum commentarii:

Arithmetic is the Discrete at Rest
Astronomy is the Discrete in Motion
Geometry is the Continuous at Rest
Music is the Continuous in Motion

 

At many medieval universities, this would have been the course leading to the degree of Master of Arts (after the BA). After the MA the student could enter for Bachelor’s degrees of the higher faculties, such as Music. To this day some of the postgraduate degree  courses lead  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  (the  B.Phil  and  B.Litt.  degrees  are examples in the field of philosophy, and the B.Mus. remains a postgraduate qualification at Oxford and Cambridge universities).

To ignore this order would be the same as teaching advanced calculus before the student is familiar with basic arithmetic or knows how to read. This is the only way the student would receive formal education in ancient and  medieval times, and this system has reflections  echoed  in  our  modern  education  system  today.  Once  the  seven  arts  and sciences were mastered, he would have completed his education path and would be a full or free man, able to better understand God‟s creation and its mysteries.

 Why “Liberal”?

Those  who  were  slaves  or  not  completely  free  would  never  receive  full  education, therefore the curriculum was named the “Free” arts and sciences – Liber meaning free in Latin (same root used in the word Liberty). Alternatively, we could also consider that once one achieves such level of education he would be free from the chains of ignorance and allow a person to govern his own life (“know thyself” being a critical part of the learning process) instead of being governed by mere circumstance. In fact, Zosimo of Panopolis, a 4th century Egyptian philosopher operating from Alexandria writes that the spiritual and intellectual enlightenment could allow us to become free from fatalism (e.g. our fate is already written and there is nothing we can do about it); and from the power of the stars over the fate of men (astrological or zodiacal influences, accepted as a fact at that time).

The learned man is a free man, liberated by the sciences.

 

Where do they come from?

 (Enter Martianus Capella and the “Satyricon”)

Satyricon

Martianus Minneus Felix Capella was a pagan writer of late antiquity and is considered the founder of the Trivium and Quadrivium categories that structured Early Medieval education. Capella was a native of Algeria in the Roman province of Africa, and appears to have practiced as a jurist at Carthage.

Capella wrote a curious encyclopedic work called Satyricon, or De Nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii et de septem Artibus liberalibus libri novem (“On the Wedding of Philology and Mercury  and  of  the  Seven  Liberal  Arts,  in  nine  books”).  The  style  is  wordy  and elaborated,  and  loaded  with  metaphors  and  allegories.  Capella‟s encyclopedia  was fundamental   in   the   educational   formula   renovations   that   took   place   from   the Christianized Roman Empire of the 5th century until newly-available Arabic texts and the works  of  Aristotle  became  available  in  Europe  in  the  12th  century.  These  writing formulas included a medieval love for symbolism, and communicates virtues and vices in human or animal forms or as mythical creatures – a dog can mean loyalty, a wolf heresy, an eagle royalty and so on, making their interpretation to modern readers very difficult. The book continued to shape European education during the early medieval period and through the renaissance.

Satyricon‟s allegory, in the first two books, relates the courtship and wedding of Mercury (intelligent or profitable pursuit), who has been refused by Wisdom, Divination and the Soul, with the maiden Philology (learning, but literally “word-lore”) who is made immortal, under the protection of the gods, the Muses, the Cardinal Virtues and the Graces. The title refers to the allegorical union of the intellectually profitable pursuit (Mercury) of learning by way of the art of letters (Philology). Among the wedding gifts are seven maids who will be Philology’s slaves: they are the seven Liberal Arts: Grammar (an  old  woman  with  a  knife  for  excising  children’s  grammatical  errors),  Dialectic, Rhetoric (a tall woman with a dress decorated with figures of speech and armed in a fashion to harm adversaries), Geometry, Arithmetic, Astronomy and (musical) Harmony.

The remaining seven books contain expositions of the seven Liberal Arts, representing the sum of human knowledge. Book 3 deals with grammar, book 4 with dialectics, book 5 with rhetoric, book 6 with geometry, book 7 with arithmetic, book 8 with astronomy, book 9 with music. The academic work was a complete encyclopedia, written in Latin, of the liberal culture of the time, and was in high repute during the Middle Ages as a school text.

The seven arts structured by Capella in the Satyricon would encompass the totality of knowledge to be acquired during the classical and middle ages and the renaissance for philosophical and theological thinking. They were the path to rationalize and understand the universe and therefore the natural manifestations of God visible to the learned men (remember the Regius Manuscript from 1390: “These be sciences seven, Who useth them well he may have heaven”). They were a prerequisite to understand the divine creation and get closer to God – although the language used in medieval texts is allegorical, to a

14th century man the path of the 7 Arts to search for God is neither an allegory nor a symbolic statement.

CapellaFrom time to time some thinkers would propose additions to the sciences like architecture and medicine (which were left out by Capella based on the argument that these two, although important, would “only touch earthly matters”) or the visual and manual arts such as sculpture and painting as defended by Leonardo da Vinci and  Leon Batista Alberti during the Renaissance. In Italy, and among Renaissance humanists, the academic matter  was  agreed  upon  around  1500,  yet  it  required  another  century  in  Spain  and England to be settled – at this time it was decided that the manual and visual arts, including architecture, would be embraced.

This later model evolved into the modern curriculum for Liberal Arts. In modern colleges and universities the Liberal Arts now include the study of literature, languages, philosophy,  history,  mathematics,  and  science  as  the  basis  of  a  general  or  liberal education. Sometimes the liberal-arts curriculum is described as the comprehensive study of three main branches of knowledge: the humanities (literature, language, philosophy, the fine arts, and history), the physical and biological sciences and mathematics, and the social sciences.

The Seven Liberal Arts, by Herrad of Landsberg (1180 AD)

We can further examine the seven Liberal Arts as they were viewed by medieval scholars and students using the 12th century monastery painting shown below. Please take a moment to observe the image on the previous page carefully before moving on.

This painting was produced by Herrad of Landsberg, a 12th century nun and abbess of the Hohenburg Abbey in France. She was born about 1130 in the castle of Landsberg, the seat of a noble French family. When she was 35, Herrad had begun the work for which she is best known, the Hortus Deliciarum (The Garden of Delights), a compendium of all the sciences studied at that time. In this book Herrad delves into the battle of Virtue and Vice with vivid visual imagery.

Herrad of Landsberg(Right side – Herrad of Landsberg self-portrait, circa. 1180)

 

Philosophy –  the Queen of the Arts

At the center of the inner circle we find lady Philosophy, to whom all the arts give service. She sits as queen of the arts, with philosophers Socrates and Plato under her feet. In the upper right corner we read;

Seven fountains of wisdom flow from Philosophy,
which are called the seven Liberal Arts.The Holy Spirit
is the inventor of the seven Liberal Arts, which are: Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic, Music, Arithmetic,
Geometry, Astronomy.”

 

Arranged around this interior circle, like spokes of a wheel, are the liberal arts:

 Grammar

Grammar  was  called  by  the  ancients  the  Janua  Artium,  the  “gateway  of  the  arts”. Grammar holds a book and a rod (scopae) probably for punishing young students. Above Grammar, we read:

Per me quivis discit, vox, littera, syllaba quid est.
Through me, everyone can learn the meaning of words, syllables, and letters.

Rhetoric

Rhetoric carries a tablet and a stylus. Above her, we read;

Causarum vires per me, rhetor alme, requires.
Thanks to me, my dear orator, your speeches will move the listener.

St. Augustine (Augustine of Hippo) stressed the importance of Rhetoric as a weapon to defend goodness and truth from the attacks of falsehood and lies:

Who will dare to say that truth is to take its stand unarmed against falsehood? Since the faculty of eloquence is available for both sides… [i.e. Good and Evil] why do not good men study [Rhetoric] to engage it on the side of truth?”

Dialectic

Dialectic, or Logic, points (perhaps to a debater) with one hand and holds a barking dog’s head in the other. Some believe that the dog was used in opposition to the wolf typically associated with heresy. Above Dialectic it is written;

Argumenta sino concurrere more canino.
My arguments follow each other rapidly, like the barks of a dog.

Music

Music is holding a harp, flanked by a lyre and an organistrum. Above her, we read;

Musica sum late doctrix artis variatae.
I am Music and I teach my art with the help of various instruments.

Arithmetic

Arithmetic holds a knotted string (an early form of abacus). Above her, we read;

Ex numeris consto, quorum discrimina monstro.
I have faith in numbers and I show how they are related to each other.

Geometry

Geometry, the art of measuring objects at rest, rightly is seen holding a yardstick and compasses. Above Geometry, we read;

Terrae mensuras per multas dirigo curas.
With precision I measure the earth.

Astronomy

Astronomy holds in her hands a sort of magnifying glass or mirror and is observing the stars. Above Astronomy, we read;

Ex astris nomen traho, per quae discitur omen.
I owe my name to the celestial bodies and I predict the future.

 —————————————-

From Doric Lodge No.316 of Thornhill, Ontario…

1 Namely Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic (Logic), Geometry, Arithmetic, Music and
Astronomy.
2 Translation from Old English by James Halliwell (1840).
3 Some researchers believe that the Greek philosophers derive their knowledge from
Egyptian masters.
4 The contrast between the simpler Trivium and more difficult Quadrivium gave rise to the word “trivial”.
5 The subject of music within the Quadrivium was originally the classical subject of harmonics, in particular the study of the proportions between the music intervals. Music as actually practiced (i.e. producing or playing music as an artistic expression) was not part of this study, but the framework of classical harmonics would influence the content and structure of music theory as practiced both in European and Islamic cultures – Wikipedia.
6 Generally there were two paths to approach God, one through praise and meditation, and the reading of sacred texts, the second through direct observation of God‟s creation and manifestations (nature). The second path evolved into hermeticism, alchemy, and (later) scientific experimentation.
7 Such that the stars or celestial abode would sometimes be referred to as “the lower (or inferior) rulers” (over the fate of man). The upper or superior ruler was, of course, God (who physically resides above the stars and everything else in the medieval cosmology).
8 Circa 300 to 600 AD, the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle
Ages.
9 This section includes direct quotations from The Classical Liberal Arts Academy.
10 On Christian Doctrine (book IV – AD 426)
11 Note the divinatory/astrological/zodiacal use of astronomy at the time, even by
Catholic scholars.

 


 

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MASONIC DOCTRINE: KEYSTONES FOR THE TEMPLE NOT BUILT WITH HUMAN HANDS /masons/2016/05/27/masonic-doctrine-keystones-for-the-temple-not-built-with-human-hands-2/ /masons/2016/05/27/masonic-doctrine-keystones-for-the-temple-not-built-with-human-hands-2/#respond Sat, 28 May 2016 01:30:55 +0000 /masons/?p=9171 Continue reading ]]> MASONIC DOCTRINE: KEYSTONES FOR THE TEMPLE NOT BUILT WITH HUMAN HANDS
Bro. David Freeman
Blue Mountain Lodge 182
Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon

Brethren of the Craft are aware of members who no longer attend Lodge.  It would be interesting to know how many men demit from their Craft Lodge but jurisdictions are loath to provide the information even if they track this data. Those members that do leave their lodge can be classified into three groups.  Those that remain members of the Craft Lodge pay their dues but no longer attend.  Those that have taken a demit from their Lodge but still believe themselves to be members of the Craft and those who for what ever reasons are at variance with the Craft.  There is little that can be said to or about the latter group but the two former groups deserve our focus as do the Brethren who are contemplating taking a demit or not attending Lodge as their experience in Masonry has proven to be hollow.

Time Magazine in their periodical “Secret Societies” suggests until the publication of the books by Dan Brown Freemasonry was a dying phenomena.  A bit of fiction I think.

It cannot be denied membership in Freemasonry is shrinking.  Many rationales are offered.  Demands in the labour market, family commitments, other organizational and Masonic commitments, aging population and so on.  All of which suggest the loss of Brethren can be fixed by organizational and structural modification or by societal change.  The latter is untenable and the former has not worked.  Yet we continue to insist on organizational modification as a solution to membership deficit. Similar to many others I believed the structural solution argument until some months ago when a Brother indicated in his opinion many in the Craft knew little about the underlying Doctrine of Freemasonry.

I simply let the comment pass until a few days later when Brethren of my Craft Lodge signalled their disappointed in their experience as a Freemason.  Their speculation was there must be more to the Craft than ritual, festive boards, charities and social events.

The writings of notaries (1) of our Craft tell us the source for the retention of Brethren is the understanding of our Doctrine which gives Freemasonry meaning.  It was the search for Masonic Doctrine that brought our forefather’s to our West gate; It was the search for this Doctrine that brought the elder members of our Craft to our West gate and from speaking to our newest Brethren it is their search for Masonic Doctrine that brought them to our West gate. There will always be good men searching for what our Craft bestows. Their quest and the pursuit of those Brothers already wearing our symbols is rewarded within our ritual through the understanding of our Doctrine.  We have nothing to fear for the Craft if we regain our Doctrine as our forefathers founded and Doctrine again becomes the rai·son d’être of our teaching.

Doctrine is a categorization of creeds, teachings and instructions, provided to good men through the understanding of our belief system.   Doctrine can be said in one way to equal Truth.

We are men who belong to a spiritual organization.  Our history tells us this, our literature tells us this, our ritual tells us this and our degrees tell us this. To support our ritual but to understand we are more than ritual, to reignite the dormant charisma, enchantment and creed along with the magic of our Craft is the calling of every Freemason.

Albert Gallatin Mackey wrote ten books concerning masonic, law, meaning, and symbolism.  You may be familiar with his encyclopedia of Freemasonry. He says our usages and ceremonies are “subject to extensive variations” and they “are not the sum and substance” of Freemasonry.  Mackey believed we confuse Doctrine with outward form and it may be suggested from his writing that this confusion leads to the prioritization of form over Doctrine.

It is Doctrine that has always been the quintessence of the Craft.  Prioritizing form over Doctrine and failure to practice our Doctrine denotes Freemasonry as nothing more than another social institution. If we do not understand our foundational Doctrine, we will never see our ritual as any thing more than an interesting way to open and close a gathering and our degrees as fascinating narratives for membership. Prioritization of form over Doctrine leaves Brethren searching for Masonic substance and finding a void in their experience.

None of what we do in our Lodges, our lessons or our degrees is random.  Everything is a symbol and everything done in a Lodge is, or should be a path to learning, understanding and living our Doctrine.  Everything we speak about, do or have is time certified.
The Lodge does not make good men better.  The Lodge, through our degrees and ritual, animates the tools to make good men better. Our Doctrines are those tools. If we do not understand and practice our Doctrines, we do not understand Freemasonry.  Doctrine tells us who we are as Freemasons.  Form or ritual tells us how to get there.

The Doctrines of “Know Thy Self” of the first degree, being “Pure of Heart” of the second degree and “Immortality” of the third degree are the foundation for who we are and the establishment we are part of.  These are the keystone’s for building that Temple not constructed by human hands. These principles have not changed in 500 years or 4000 years depending on when you count the start of Freemasonry.  The formula may have changed but the Doctrine has not.

If you enter a lodge where an original Tyler’s’ chair is located, you will see the doctrine “know thyself” imprinted on the chair. This means more than how we put bread on the table.  We often get asked “tell us about your self”.  Our response normally is something akin to “I am married to —-, I have—–children I grew and went to school in——, and I work as—–.  This answer speaks about “what” we are.  This is not the meaning of “know thy self” which Freemasonry advocates. In the first degree the three principle officers ask who is he who comes here not what is he. The answer does not involve profession or family status.

Knowing self is being able to articulate abilities, interests, values, and personality.  It is looking into those clandestine places we all have which we rarely share with anyone. These are places well-appointed with our fear, desire, embarrassment, anger, disappointment, regret, hope and many other emotions. Knowing self is the point where we start our progression to perfection our ultimate goal.

Our history, experience, education, parents and many other social events provides the emotional, physical, intellectual and spiritual world we create and live in.  From this creation we perceive and judge, ritual, meaning, events and our Brethren.  This created world controls how we think, and what we believe.   This is what the Craft aims to modify through a pure heart.

In the Ancient Mysteries purity of heart and life was an essential prerequisite to initiation, because by initiation the aspirant was brought to a knowledge of God.  The knowledge of God being the object of our degrees. As a Freemason when in Lodge we stand on consecrated ground.  We are required to have clean hands and a pure heart.

For the Freemason to be pure in heart means our motives are unmixed or unadulterated.   It means as Freemasons we do not have selfish purposes.   When we do things for unselfish reasons we climb a little higher to God which is the journey of the soul. In our degrees where we use the term heart we are referring to the spiritual centre of the Freemason.  We are striving towards where our thoughts, behaviour, emotions should be blameless.  No hypocrisy, no guile, no hidden motives. To be pure of heart is more than an external purity of behavior; it is an internal purity of soul.

Our ceremonies are all about the pure heart.  The candidate is asked where was he first prepared.  The answer in the heart. In Freemasonry the left represents the heart and soul the right the mind.  Our ritual does not say to approach the alter left right left right.   It says by a step starting on the left foot of so many inches. Traditionally we stepped the left and brought the right up.  So we lead with our heart and soul and bring the mind along.
Our Masonic apron reinforces being “Pure of Heart” as it denotes simplicity and candour, innocence, truth and hope.  It is, to us, a constant reminder of that purity of heart and rectitude of conduct, of higher thoughts and nobler deeds, which are the distinguishing character of a Free and Accepted Mason.  In our history if a Freemason put on his apron and has in anyway not maintained the standard of our teachings he knew himself to be a hypocrite and a liar.

We cannot speak of the spiritual side of Freemasonry as Freemasonry is spirituality. The Doctrine of immortality is embedded in the Old Charges our Landmarks and passes through all our degrees.   The over riding question for all the degrees and particularly the third degree is “If a man die shall he live again”. Our Degrees answer “yes”. We have a soul.  Though real it is intangible. This principle is an unquestioned integral part of the Craft. The third degree assures us life does not end with the physical body, but continues through a boundless future. The Lion and the grip of the lions’ paw, a term in the ages of Freemasonry, demonstrates the doctrine of immortality of the soul. The language and enactment of the recovery of the soul in our third degree is a symbol of immortality accomplished by the grip of the lions’ paw.

Our degrees and ritual consistently speaks about God and our relationship to him. The new initiate asks the help of God to complete his Masonic journey and he says that it is God on whom he relies.  The V.S.L. as an essential and indispensable part of the Lodge is a sign of our spirituality. Our ritual compels us to reach out to God.  The first degree lecture teaches our lodge stands on holy ground.  It is consecrated and is situated east and west as are all places of worship.  Our Lodge represents the universe which is the temple of Deity.  The Heavens stretched forth, the Earth as a footstool. Formally the alter was referred to as the Lodge and it remained covered until after the opening.   In the first two degrees it is where the candidate takes his obligation.  In the third degree it becomes the Holy of Holies in the temple of Solomon.

Our apron is a manuscript of our spirituality. It has three rosettes each representing the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth, and so indicates the passage from one state of existence into another which is the journey of Freemasonry. Three is the number for male. A Freemason must be male and freeborn.  Three represents completeness the object of our three degrees. For the Freemason the three rosettes point to the beginning of the philosophical and spiritual synthesis or completeness. This synthesis is synonymous with supreme intelligence and the Great Architect. It symbolizes the threefold nature of the world, consisting of Heaven, Earth and Man and the division of man into spirit, soul and body. The Pythagorean school, called the number three the spiritually perfect number.
Consider this spiritual perfect number in our Lodge. Three make a lodge, three principal officers, three supporting pillars, three lesser lights, three greater lights, three movable jewels, three immovable jewels, three raps, three steps on the Master’s Carpet, three degrees and so many more.

The tassels represent the second number on our apron. Seven represents wholeness, the highest symmetry, mystery, and comprehensiveness. The number seven symbolizes perfect order, the main virtues freemasonry teaches and their opposite deadly sins.
The equilateral triangle of our apron is a divine symbol representing, the Great First Cause, the Creator and Container of all things, as one and indivisible.  God manifesting Himself in an infinity of forms and attributes in this visible universe.  The apex pointing upward characterizes the perfect man made in Gods image with the apex pointing to God.  Triangles pointed upwards are employed to represent ascension toward the spiritual world.

When the Flap of the apron is turned up it is a triangle surmounting a square.  This represents the two realities of a Freemason.  The square below the material man the triangle above the spiritual man.

When upright and downward triangles are put together, they form the Creator’s Star and symbolize balance and knowledge. The Creators Star six points stand for the six days of creation, and also represent the six attributes of God: power, wisdom, majesty, love, mercy and justice.  Two triangles entwined represents perfect man and God exemplifying the final unity of God and the perfect divine man.

The apron teaches our progression is from the material man to the perfect divine man with the soul made in Gods image. It teaches the truth of our being on a journey to the return of our soul to deity. For us there is only the affirmative direction.  In the three degrees we are presented with the assent to deity, Jacobs ladder, winding staircase, a veil which separates us all indicators of this affirmative direction.  Our spiritual path within our Doctrine is birth, moral awakening, life, pursuit of knowledge, experience, death of our old self and rebirth in perfection.

Every lodge is on consecrated ground and our Doctrine tells us we enter to know ourselves a little better, enhance our spirituality, leave with a refreshed heart and to take one more step in the journey of our soul to its creator. Brethren within the Lodge pursue a foundation on which to build their Masonic and Personal life.  Our Doctrine are their keystones.  Our doctrines are what make a good man better.

Our Doctrines of having a pure heart, immortality and knowing our inner self are our tools.  Every Brothers progress in the Craft is dependent on whether he chooses to pick up these tools.

Our Craft has little to fear from our critics but has much to fear from those within who continue to sponsor organizational development, and social contracts as the Crafts impetus.  Brethren who continue to insist that form is Freemasonry and modifying form through organizational structural change will rejuvenate the Craft have forgotten what our essayists, history and predecessors have taught us. As my Brethren speculated, correctly I might add, Freemasonry is more then organization.  It is a faith of confidence and trust in the Doctrine of the Craft that consistently has been the attraction to our West gate.  It is our Doctrine that seekers search for.  It is the understanding of our Doctrine that Brethren are soliciting and it is the understanding and practice of our Doctrine which foretells the rejuvenation of our Craft.

(1) Oliver, Anderson, Morris, Wiggin, Lane, Paton, Allyn, Adams, Townsend, Watson, Mackey, Gould, Hall, Moore, Sherer, Pike, Preston, Waite, Wilmhurst, Claudy,

Sources.
Anderson., James, “The Constitutions of the Freemason’s”
Chalmers., Paton, “Freemasonry; its Symbols, Religious Nature, and Law”
Code., Samuel, “The Freemasons Library and General Ahiman Rezon”
Erskine., Neale, “Stray Leaves from a Freemasons Note-book”
Gould., Robert, “Collected Essays and Papers Relating to Freemasonry”
Mackey., Albert, “An Encyclopedia of Freemasonry and it Kindred Sciences”
Mackey., Albert, “The Symbolism of Freemasonry Illustrating and Explaining Its Science and…”
Martyn., Charles “The True Principles of Freemasonry”
Moore., Cornelius, “The Craftsman and Freemasons Guide”
Newnham., P.H., “Freemasonry; What it is Not and What it is”
Oliver., George, “The Historical Landmarks and Other Evidences of Freemasonry”
Oliver., George, “The Antiquities of Freemasonry”
Oliver., George “Revelations of a Square”
Oliver., George, “Signs and Symbols Illustrated and Explained”
Oliver., George, “The Historical Landmarks and Other Evidences of Freemasonry Explained”
Paine., Thomas, “Common Sense”
Pike., Albert, “Masonic Origins”
Sherer., John. “The Masonic Ladder”
Waite., Arthur Edward, “The Secret Tradition of Freemasonry”
Webb., Thomas, “The Freemason’s Monitor: Or Illustrations of Masonry”

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